History of microbiology PDF

 

History of microbiology

Ø Contribution of Louis Pasteur to the microbiology;

    1. Coined the term microbiology.
2. Proposed germ theory of disease.
3. Disapproved theory of spontaneous generation.
4. Developed sterilization techniques.
5. Developed methods and techniques for the cultivation
of microorganisms.
6. Studies on pebrine (silkworm disease), anthrax,
chicken cholera, and hydrophobia.
7. Pasteurization.
8. Coined the term vaccine.
9. Discovery of attenuation and chicken cholera
  vaccine.
10. Developed live attenuated anthrax vaccine.
12. developed vaccines againts rabbis
13. noticed pneumonococci.

Some important Key points related to microbiology history

Ø    Microbiology is the study of living organisms of
  microscopic size.
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to
describe microorganisms.

Ø    The spontaneous generation of microorganisms was disproved by Spallanzani,    Pasteur,Tyndall,and others.

Ø    The work of Bassi, Pasteur, Koch, and others supported the germ theory of disease. Lister   provided indirect evidence with his development of antiseptic surgery.

       Louis Pasteur: Pasteur showed that fermentations were caused by microorganisms and   that some microorganisms could live in the absence of oxygen. He is known as “Father  of medical Microbiology”.

       Joseph Lister developed a system of antiseptic surgery. For this work he is called the “Father of modern surgery”

Ø    Robert Koch
  a.  Koch developed the techniques required to grow bacteria on solid media and to isolate    pure cultures of pathogens.
  b.  Koch’s postulates are used to prove a direct relationship between a suspected pathogen    and a disease.

Ø    Paul Ehrlich is known as “Father of chemotherapy”.

Ø     The existence of viruses became evident during the
  closing years of the nineteenth century.

Ø   Vaccines against anthrax and rabies were made by Pasteur.

Ø   von Behring and Kitasato prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus.

Ø   Edward Jenner is known as the “Father of immunology”.

Ø    Ehrlich is given the title, “Father of chemotherapy”.

Ø    In the twentieth century microbiology contributedgreatly to the fields of biochemistry and   genetics. It also helped stimulate the rise of molecular biology.

Ø    The positive contribution has been made to human
  health by the science of microbiology.

Ø   Father of microbiology is antonie van leeuwenhoek

Ø   Father of medical microbiology is louis pastuer (but some books say louis pastuer is the  father of microbiology).

Ø   Father of modern surgery is joseph lister

Ø   Father of bacteriology is Robert koch

Ø   Father of chemotheraphy is paul ehrlich

Ø   Father of immunology is edwerd jenner

Ø   Landsteiner can be called as father of immunochemistry

 Some scientists and their discoveries

this table will help you alot the points I have highlighted in blue are most important one

year	Scientists	Contribution
1901	Emil A von Behring	Developed a diphtheria antitoxin.
1902	Ronald Ross	Discovered how malaria is transmitted.
1905	Robert Koch	Tuberculosis—discovery of causative agent,anthrax & cholera
1907	CLA Laveron	Discovery of malaria parasite in an unstained preparation of fresh blood.
1908	Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff	Developed theories on immunity. Newsalvarson. Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells.
1913	Charles Richet	Anaphylaxis.
1919	Jules Bordet	Discovered roles of complement and antibody in cytolysis, developed complement fixation test.
1928	Charles Nicolle	Typhus exanthematicus
1930	Karl Landsteiner	Described ABO blood groups; solidified chemical basis for antigen-antibody reactions.
1939	Gerhardt Domagk	Antibacterial effect of prontosil.
1945	Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and Howard Florey	Discovered penicillin.
1951	Max Theiler	Yellow fever vaccine
1952	Selman A Waksman	Development of streptomycin. He coined  the term ‘antibiotic
1954	John F Enders, Thomas H Weller, and Frederick C Robbins	Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures.
1960	Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Sir Peter Brian Medawar	Immunological tolerance, clonal selection theory
1962	James D Watson, Frances HC Crick, And Maurice AF Wilkins	Double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
1966	Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff and Jacques Monod	Regulatory mechanisms in microbial genes (concept of ‘lac operon’).
1966	Peyton Ross	Viral oncogenes (avian sarcoma)
1968	Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W Nirenberg	Genetic code
1969	Max Delbruck, AD Hershey and Salvador Luria	Mechanism of virus infection in living cells
1972	Gerald M Edelman and Rodney R Porter	Described the nature and structure of antibodies.
1975	David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M Temin	Interactions between tumor viruses and genetic material of the cells.
1977	Rosalyn Yalow	Developed inmmunoassay
1980	Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Snell	HLA antigens
1984	Cesar Milstein, Georges Kohler Neils Jerne	Developed hybridoma technology for production of mono clonal antibodies.
1987	S Tonegawa	Described the genetics of antibody production.
1989	J Michael Bishop and Harold E Varmus	Discovered cancer-causing genes called oncogenes.
1990	Joseph E Murray and E Donnall Thomas	Performed the first successful organ transplants by using immunosuppressive agents.
1993	Kary B Mullis	Discovered the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA.
1996	Peter C Doherty and Rolf M Zinkernagel	Cell mediated immune defences
1997	Stanley B Prusiner	Prion discovery
2001	Leland H Hartwell, Paul M Nurse, and R Timothy Hunt	Discovered genes that encode proteins regulating cell divi sion
2005	Barry J Marshall and J Robin Warren	Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
2007	Mario R Capecchi, Oliver Smithies and Sir Martin J Evans	Creation of knockout mice for stem cell research
2008	Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi	Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
	Herald zur Hausen	Human papillomaviruses causing cervical cancer

 

 some Discoveries by other Scientists

 

• Koch began to gather round him the group of followers who were destined to introduce his methods into many laboratories throughout the world.
• Hansen(1874) described the leprosy bacillus;
• Neisser (1879) discovered the gonococcus in the pus discharge from urethra
• Eberth (1880)observed the typhoid bacillus
• Alexander Ogston (1881) described the staphylococci in abscess and suppurative lesions.
• Loeffler (1884) observed and described the diphtheria bacillus.
• Nicolaier (1884) observed the tetanus bacillus in soil.
• Rosenbach (in 1886) demonstrated the tetanus bacillus withround terminal spore.
• Fraenkel (1886) described pneumococcus;.
• in1887 Weichselbaum described and isolated the meningococcus from the spinal fluid of a patient.
• in 1887 Bruce identified the causative agent of malta fever.
• in 1905 Schaudin and Hoffman discovered the syphili.